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Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls, and stomata guard cells.
Many phytoplasma-infected plants develop a bushy or "witches' broom" appearance due to changes in their normal growth patterns. Most plants exhibit apical dominance, but infection can trigger the proliferation of axillary (side) shoots and a reduction in internode size. [8] Such symptoms are actually useful in the commercial production of ...
Most bacteria associated with plants are saprotrophic and do no harm to the plant itself. However, a small number, around 100 known species, cause disease, especially in subtropical and tropical regions of the world. [15] [page needed] Most plant pathogenic bacteria are bacilli. Erwinia uses cell wall–degrading enzymes to cause soft rot.
The bacteria need a film of water to facilitate infection. The bacteria can also be transmitted from one plant to another when beetles feed on an infected plant and the bacteria becomes attached to the beetles mouthparts. [4] The bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and related species cause bacterial wilt of bananas and plantains. [5]
The disease has also been found in Costa Rica's Central Valley where it is referred to as ‘crespera’ disease by coffee growers. [32] Symptoms of the bacterial infection in coffee plants feature curling leaf margins, chlorosis and irregularly shaped leaves, stunting and reduced plant growth, and branch atrophy. [ 32 ]
g) Bacteria and bacterial filaments. h, i) Different bacterial individuals showing great varieties of shapes and morphological features. [33] Mycorrhizal fungi are abundant members of the rhizosphere community, and have been found in over 200,000 plant species, and are estimated to associate with over 80% of all plants. [34]
It is found in sewage and the soil. P. moriformis causes a disease called protothecosis. This disease mainly infects cattle and dogs. Cattle can be affected by prototheca enteritis and mastitis. [35] Protothecosis is commonly seen in dogs; it enters the body through the mouth or nose and causes infection in the intestines.
Fasciation that is caused by bacteria can be controlled by not using fasciated plants and disposing of fasciated material. [10] Avoiding injury to plant bases and keeping them dry can reduce the spread of bacteria. [10] Avoidance of grafting fasciated plants and the pruning of fasciated matter can also reduce the spread of bacteria. [10]