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It may be useful to be aware that the difference between two successive square numbers is the sum of their respective square roots. Hence, if one knows that 12 × 12 = 144 and wish to know 13 × 13, calculate 144 + 12 + 13 = 169. This is because (x + 1) 2 − x 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1 − x 2 = x + (x + 1) x 2 = (x − 1) 2 + (2x − 1)
The arithmetical difference between two consecutive representable floating-point numbers which have the same exponent is called a unit in the last place (ULP). For example, if there is no representable number lying between the representable numbers 1.45a70c22 hex and 1.45a70c24 hex, the ULP is 2×16 −8, or 2 −31.
Any real number can be written in the form m × 10 ^ n in many ways: for example, 350 can be written as 3.5 × 10 2 or 35 × 10 1 or 350 × 10 0. In normalized scientific notation (called "standard form" in the United Kingdom), the exponent n is chosen so that the absolute value of m remains at least one but less than ten ( 1 ≤ | m | < 10 ).
Order of magnitude is a concept used to discuss the scale of numbers in relation to one another. Two numbers are "within an order of magnitude" of each other if their ratio is between 1/10 and 10. In other words, the two numbers are within about a factor of 10 of each other. [1] For example, 1 and 1.02 are within an order of magnitude.
A metric on a set X is a function (called the distance function or simply distance) d : X × X → R + (where R + is the set of non-negative real numbers). For all x, y, z in X, this function is required to satisfy the following conditions: d(x, y) ≥ 0 (non-negativity) d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y (identity of indiscernibles.
In computer science and numerical analysis, unit in the last place or unit of least precision (ulp) is the spacing between two consecutive floating-point numbers, i.e., the value the least significant digit (rightmost digit) represents if it is 1. It is used as a measure of accuracy in numeric calculations. [1]
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The difference between two points, themselves, is known as their Delta (ΔP), as is the difference in their function result, the particular notation being determined by the direction of formation: Forward difference: ΔF(P) = F(P + ΔP) − F(P); Central difference: δF(P) = F(P + 1 / 2 ΔP) − F(P − 1 / 2 ΔP);