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Trigonometric identities may help simplify the answer. [1] [2] Like other methods of integration by substitution, when evaluating a definite integral, ...
CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer), Volder's algorithm, Digit-by-digit method, Circular CORDIC (Jack E. Volder), [1] [2] Linear CORDIC, Hyperbolic CORDIC (John Stephen Walther), [3] [4] and Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC (GH CORDIC) (Yuanyong Luo et al.), [5] [6] is a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, square roots ...
2 432 902 008 176 640 000: 25 1.551 121 004 × 10 25: 50 3.041 409 320 × 10 64: 70 1.197 857 167 × 10 100: 100 9.332 621 544 × 10 157: 450 1.733 368 733 × 10 1 000: 1 000: 4.023 872 601 × 10 2 567: 3 249: 6.412 337 688 × 10 10 000: 10 000: 2.846 259 681 × 10 35 659: 25 206: 1.205 703 438 × 10 100 000: 100 000: 2.824 229 408 × 10 456 ...
If 2 k + 1 is prime and k > 0, then k itself must be a power of 2, [1] so 2 k + 1 is a Fermat number; such primes are called Fermat primes. As of 2023 [update] , the only known Fermat primes are F 0 = 3 , F 1 = 5 , F 2 = 17 , F 3 = 257 , and F 4 = 65537 (sequence A019434 in the OEIS ).
Simplification is the process of replacing a mathematical expression by an equivalent one that is simpler (usually shorter), according to a well-founded ordering. Examples include:
Boole's expansion theorem, often referred to as the Shannon expansion or decomposition, is the identity: = + ′ ′, where is any Boolean function, is a variable, ′ is the complement of , and and ′ are with the argument set equal to and to respectively.
One may show by induction that F(n) counts the number of ways that a n × 1 strip of squares may be covered by 2 × 1 and 1 × 1 tiles. On the other hand, if such a tiling uses exactly k of the 2 × 1 tiles, then it uses n − 2k of the 1 × 1 tiles, and so uses n − k tiles total.
A nonchaotic case Schröder also illustrated with his method, f(x) = 2x(1 − x), yielded Ψ(x) = − 1 / 2 ln(1 − 2x), and hence f n (x) = − 1 / 2 ((1 − 2x) 2 n − 1). If f is the action of a group element on a set, then the iterated function corresponds to a free group.