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In 753 BCE the perpetual archonship by the Eupatridae [3] were limited to 10 year terms (the "decennial archons"). [4] After 683 BCE the offices were held for only a single year. [5] Bust of Solon, democratic reformer in Athenian Antiquity. By the 7th century BCE, social unrest had become widespread, as Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis.
Cleisthenes (/ ˈ k l aɪ s θ ɪ n iː z / KLYS-thin-eez; Ancient Greek: Κλεισθένης), or Clisthenes (c. 570 – c. 508 BC), was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC.
Solon (Ancient Greek: Σόλων; c. 630 – c. 560 BC) [1] was an archaic Athenian statesman, lawmaker, political philosopher, and poet.He is one of the Seven Sages of Greece and credited with laying the foundations for Athenian democracy.
Skidmore's nemesis in the ranks of the Working Men's Party was Robert Dale Owen (1801-1877), an advocate of communal education of children. In 1829, he emerged as an important public figure at the center of the nascent New York City Working Men's Party, which fought for a ten-hour working day, the abolition of debtors' prison, universal public education, and expanded political suffrage, among ...
The term appears to have come from the Greek word for "yoke", which has led modern scholars to conclude that zeugitae were either men who could afford a yoked pair of oxen or men who were "yoked together" in the phalanx—that is, men who could afford their own hoplite armor. [9] [10] The zeugitae could serve as hoplites in the Athenian army.
By the end of the 7th century and beginning of 6th century BC, land concentration occurred and most lands were held by the nobility. Athenians with small farms could not survive dry years, so they had to borrow from the rich and pay a yearly usury of about 1/6 of the yearly crop.
[12]: 13.7 Towards the end of 412, he was recorded as being the chief, or at least the ostensible chief, agent who instigated the revolution of the Four Hundred, having been sent about that time to Athens from the army at Samos to bring about the recall of Alcibiades and the overthrow of the democracy; or, rather, according to him, a ...
In the book, Kirk traces the basic theories that underpin American civilization to ancient Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, and London [2] [3] and suggests that the ideas on which modern America has been built have their roots in these ancient civilizations, passed down through the Greek, Roman, Early Christian, and British civilizations through to the ...