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Verbification is sometimes used to create nonce words or joking words. Often, simple conversion is involved, as with formations like beer, as in beer me ("give me a beer") and eye, as in eye it ("look at it"). [clarification needed] Sometimes, a verbified form can occur with a prepositional particle, e.g., sex as in sex it up ("make it sexier").
For example, the negating prefix un-is more productive in English than the alternative in-; both of them occur in established words (such as unusual and inaccessible), but faced with a new word which does not have an established negation, a native speaker is more likely to create a novel form with un-than with in-. The same thing happens with ...
Instead, two related terms are used in morphology: lexeme and word-form [definition needed]. Generally, a lexeme is a set of inflected word-forms that is often represented with the citation form in small capitals. [7] For instance, the lexeme eat contains the word-forms eat, eats, eaten, and ate.
Back-formation is either the process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely, a new "word") by removing actual or supposed affixes, or a neologism formed by such a process. Back-formations are shortened words created from longer words, thus back-formations may be viewed as a sub-type of clipping .
For example, x 1 is a positive literal, ¬x 2 is a negative literal, and x 1 ∨ ¬x 2 is a clause. The formula ( x 1 ∨ ¬ x 2 ) ∧ (¬ x 1 ∨ x 2 ∨ x 3 ) ∧ ¬ x 1 is in conjunctive normal form; its first and third clauses are Horn clauses, but its second clause is not.
Affirmation can be indicated with the following words in English: some, certainly, already, and would rather. [4] Two examples of affirmation include (1) John is here already [4] and (2) I am a moral person. [5] These two sentences are truth statements, and serve as a representation of affirmation in English.
Portmanteau: a new word that fuses two words or morphemes; Retronym: creating a new word to denote an old object or concept whose original name has come to be used for something else; Oxymoron: a combination of two contradictory terms; Zeugma and Syllepsis: the use of a single phrase in two ways simultaneously
To convert a grammar to Chomsky normal form, a sequence of simple transformations is applied in a certain order; this is described in most textbooks on automata theory. [4]: 87–94 [5] [6] [7] The presentation here follows Hopcroft, Ullman (1979), but is adapted to use the transformation names from Lange, Leiß (2009).