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  2. Perpendicular - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular

    The segment AB is perpendicular to the segment CD because the two angles it creates (indicated in orange and blue) are each 90 degrees. The segment AB can be called the perpendicular from A to the segment CD, using "perpendicular" as a noun. The point B is called the foot of the perpendicular from A to segment CD, or simply, the foot of A on CD ...

  3. Law of cosines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines

    Fig. 1 – A triangle. The angles α (or A), β (or B), and γ (or C) are respectively opposite the sides a, b, and c.. In trigonometry, the law of cosines (also known as the cosine formula or cosine rule) relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the cosine of one of its angles.

  4. Concurrent lines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_lines

    In a triangle, four basic types of sets of concurrent lines are altitudes, angle bisectors, medians, and perpendicular bisectors: A triangle's altitudes run from each vertex and meet the opposite side at a right angle. The point where the three altitudes meet is the orthocenter.

  5. Orthogonal coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_coordinates

    A conformal map acting on a rectangular grid. Note that the orthogonality of the curved grid is retained. While vector operations and physical laws are normally easiest to derive in Cartesian coordinates, non-Cartesian orthogonal coordinates are often used instead for the solution of various problems, especially boundary value problems, such as those arising in field theories of quantum ...

  6. Ultraparallel theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraparallel_theorem

    Through A' draw a line s' (A'E') on the side closer to E, so that the angle B'A'E' is the same as angle BAE. Then s' meets s in an ordinary point D'. Construct a point D on ray AE so that AD = A'D'. Then D' ≠ D. They are the same distance from r and both lie on s. So the perpendicular bisector of D'D (a segment of s) is also perpendicular to ...

  7. Solution of triangles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_of_triangles

    To find an unknown angle, the law of cosines is safer than the law of sines. The reason is that the value of sine for the angle of the triangle does not uniquely determine this angle. For example, if sin β = 0.5, the angle β can equal either 30° or 150°. Using the law of cosines avoids this problem: within the interval from 0° to 180° the ...

  8. Orthogonality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality_(mathematics)

    In Euclidean space, two vectors are orthogonal if and only if their dot product is zero, i.e. they make an angle of 90° (radians), or one of the vectors is zero. [4] Hence orthogonality of vectors is an extension of the concept of perpendicular vectors to spaces of any dimension.

  9. Angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle

    An angle larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle (between 90° and 180°) is called an obtuse angle [6] ("obtuse" meaning "blunt"). An angle equal to ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ turn (180° or π radians) is called a straight angle. [5] An angle larger than a straight angle but less than 1 turn (between 180° and 360°) is called a reflex ...

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