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Filler words generally contain little to no lexical content, but instead provide clues to the listener about how they should interpret what the speaker has said. [5] The actual words that people use may change (such as the increasing use of like ), but the meaning and the reasons for using them do not change.
A disfluence or nonfluence is a non-pathological hesitance when speaking, the use of fillers (“like” or “uh”), or the repetition of a word or phrase. This needs to be distinguished from a fluency disorder like stuttering with an interruption of fluency of speech, accompanied by "excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerism".
Bailey & Ferriera's (2007) paper [16] found that there is little evidence to suggest that the use of filler words are intentional in speech and that they should not be considered as words in the conventional sense. Filler words can be non-lexical or lexical. [15] "Non-lexical fillers" are those recognized as not being words, "lexical fillers ...
Other filler words include 何とか nantoka, 何たら nantara and 何何 naninani. These can be used for a person whose name has been temporarily forgotten (e.g. なんとかちゃん nantoka-chan, roughly "Miss What's-her-name" in the third person).
A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse.Since their main function is at the level of discourse (sequences of utterances) rather than at the level of utterances or sentences, discourse markers are relatively syntax-independent and usually do not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence. [1]
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