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The Lepidoptera have developed a wide variety of morphological wing-coupling mechanisms in the imago which render these taxa "functionally dipterous" (two winged). [33] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing coupling. [34] There are three different types of mechanisms – jugal, frenulo–retinacular, and amplexiform. [35]
Examples of frenulo-retinacular wing coupling in male and female moths Other groups of moth have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing. [ 4 ] The retinaculum is a hook or tuft on the underside of the forewing of some moths .
Frenulo-retinacular wing coupling in male and female moths. Some four-winged insect orders, such as the Lepidoptera, have developed morphological wing coupling mechanisms in the imago which render these taxa functionally two-winged. [30] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing-coupling. [31]
The terms are directly from Latin, in which hamus means "hook".The plural is hami.. Hamulus is the diminutive – hooklet or little hook. The plural is hamuli.. Adjectives are hamate and hamulate, as in "a hamulate wing-coupling", in which the wings of certain insects in flight are joined by hooking hamuli on one wing into folds on a matching wing.
Optical classification of microstructure in butterfly wing-scales. Photonics Science News, 6, 66–66. Nagypal, Tony. The World of Birdwing Butterflies Archived 2009-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. Haugum, Jan. (1981). Notes on the Aristolochia of the Papuan Region, with particular reference to the larval foodplants of the Ornithoptera. Lep.
Pyrginae: spread-wing skippers (138 species) Heteropterinae: skipperlings (7 species) Hesperiinae: grass skippers (141 species) Megathyminae: giant-skippers (13 species) Pieridae: whites and sulphurs (70 species) Pierinae: whites (29 species) Coliadinae: sulphurs (40 species) Dismorphiinae: mimic-whites (1 species) Lycaenidae: gossamer-wings ...
Limenitis arthemis, the red-spotted purple or white admiral, is a North American butterfly species in the cosmopolitan genus Limenitis.It has been studied for its evolution of mimicry, and for the several stable hybrid wing patterns within this nominal species; it is one of the most dramatic examples of hybridization between non-mimetic and mimetic populations.
Papilio troilus, the spicebush swallowtail or green-clouded butterfly, is a common black swallowtail butterfly found in North America. [2] It has two subspecies, Papilio troilus troilus and Papilio troilus ilioneus , the latter found mainly in the Florida peninsula. [ 3 ]