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Reduced forms of Cyanocobalamin, with a Co(I) (top), Co(II) (middle), and Co(III) (bottom) In the cobalamins, cobalt normally exists in the trivalent state, Co(III). However, under reducing conditions, the cobalt center is reduced to Co(II) or even Co(I), which are usually denoted as B 12r and B 12s, for reduced and super reduced respectively ...
As isolated as an air-stable solid and available commercially, cobalt in vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin and other vitamers) is present in its +3 oxidation state. Biochemically, the cobalt center can take part in both two-electron and one-electron reductive processes to access the "reduced" (B 12r , +2 oxidation state) and "super-reduced" (B 12s ...
In the vitamin itself, the cobalt bears a cyano group on the top side of the corrin plane (cyanocobalamin), and a nucleotide loop on the other. This loop is connected on its other end to the peripheral propionic amide group at ring D and consists of structural elements derived from aminopropanol , phosphate , ribose , and 5,6 ...
Vitamin B12, according to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, is a nutrient (or family of molecules called the cobalmins that incorporate an ion of the element cobalt ...
It was discovered in 1934 that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for synthesis of vitamin B 12 by their gut bacteria. [ 177 ] [ 176 ] The " coast disease " of sheep in the coastal sand dunes of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of the trace elements , cobalt and copper.
In molecular biology, the vitamin B12-binding domain is a protein domain which binds to cobalamin (vitamin B12). It can bind two different forms of the cobalamin cofactor, with cobalt bonded either to a methyl group (methylcobalamin) or to 5'-deoxyadenosine (adenosylcobalamin).
Cobalamins are characterized by a porphyrin-like corrin nucleus that contains a single cobalt atom bound to a benzimidazolyl nucleotide and a variable residue (R) group. The variable R group gives rise to the four most commonly known cobalamins: cyanocobalamin (CNCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdCbl, also known as cobamamide ...
Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B 12, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element. [1] [2] Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B 12, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or archaea.
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