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Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
Kappa is a way of measuring agreement or reliability, correcting for how often ratings might agree by chance. Cohen's kappa, [5] which works for two raters, and Fleiss' kappa, [6] an adaptation that works for any fixed number of raters, improve upon the joint probability in that they take into account the amount of agreement that could be ...
Fleiss' kappa is a generalisation of Scott's pi statistic, [2] a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability. [3] It is also related to Cohen's kappa statistic and Youden's J statistic which may be more appropriate in certain instances. [4]
The test is offered by the College Board. Approximately 2,900 colleges and universities will grant college credits for each test. Both U.S. and international schools grant CLEP credit. Most of the tests are 90 minutes long. As of 2023, they cost $90 each; they will cost $93 in the 2023–2024 school year. [2]
The College Board's Advanced Placement Program is an extensive program that offers high school students the chance to participate in what the College Board describes as college-level classes, reportedly broadening students' intellectual horizons and preparing them for college work. It also plays a large part in the college admissions process ...
In 2021, College Board announced that AP Precalculus will be offered to schools in the US starting in 2023-2024 school year. Students who wish to take AP Precalculus must pass Geometry and Algebra 2 or qualify for AP Precalculus Placement. The class will cover the usual Precalculus materials but more in depth and will be moving in faster pace.
Alpha Kappa Alpha members can join the organization either as an undergraduate student or become a part of a graduate chapter if they’ve already earned a bachelor’s or an advanced degree from ...
The College Board stated that a calculator "may be useful or necessary" for about 55-60% of the questions on the test. The College Board also encouraged the use of a graphing calculator over a scientific calculator, [7] saying that the test was "developed with the expectation that most students are using graphing calculators."