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The evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) is a philosophical argument asserting a problem with believing both evolution and philosophical naturalism simultaneously. The argument was first proposed by Alvin Plantinga in 1993 and "raises issues of interest to epistemologists , philosophers of mind, evolutionary biologists, and ...
Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different ...
[23] [39] According to the historian Edward Larson, the theory failed as an explanation in the minds of late 19th century biologists as it broke the rules of methodological naturalism which they had grown to expect. [22] Accordingly, by around 1900, biologists no longer saw theistic evolution as a valid theory.
Methodological naturalism, the second sense of the term "naturalism", (see above) is "the adoption or assumption of philosophical naturalism … with or without fully accepting or believing it.” [25] Robert T. Pennock used the term to clarify that the scientific method confines itself to natural explanations without assuming the existence or ...
The "Teach the Controversy" campaign portrays evolution as "a theory in crisis." [citation needed] In his 1997 book Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds Johnson summed up the underlying philosophy of his advocacy for intelligent design and against methodological and philosophical naturalism:
4. We have good reason to accept naturalism only if it can be rationally inferred from good evidence. 5. Therefore, there is not, and cannot be, good reason to accept naturalism. [1] In short, naturalism undercuts itself. If naturalism is true, then we cannot sensibly believe it or virtually anything else.
For example, they have different emphases on development. Developmental constraints are fundamental to Gould's approach. Dawkins gives this less weight, and has been more interested in enhanced possibilities open to lineages as a result of developmental revolutions. For example, the evolution of segmentation increases variation possibilities.
Evolution as theory and fact; Level of support for evolution; Teach the Controversy; Wedge strategy; Supporters of evolution: A Scientific Support for Darwinism; List of scientific societies rejecting intelligent design; Project Steve; Clergy Letter Project; Supporters of creation or intelligent design A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism ...