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Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) is an electrical network modeling and simulation software tool [1] used by power systems engineers to create an "electrical digital twin" and analyze electrical power system dynamics, [2] transients and protection.
An optimal power-flow study establishes the best combination of generating plant output to meet a given load requirement, so as to minimize production cost while maintaining desired stability and reliability; such models may be updated in near-real-time to allow guidance to system operators on the lowest-cost way to achieve economic dispatch.
In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as Voltage, voltage angles, real power and reactive power.
The slack bus is crucial to a load flow problem since it will account for transmission line losses. In a load flow problem, conservation of energy results in the total generation equaling to the sum of the loads. However, there still would be a discrepancy in these quantities due to line losses, which are dependent on line current.
The Holomorphic Embedding Load-flow Method (HELM) [note 1] is a solution method for the power-flow equations of electrical power systems. Its main features are that it is direct (that is, non-iterative) and that it mathematically guarantees a consistent selection of the correct operative branch of the multivalued problem, also signalling the condition of voltage collapse when there is no solution.
Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS®E—often written as PSS/E) is a software tool used by power system engineers to simulate electrical power transmission networks [1] in steady-state conditions [2] as well as over timescales of a few seconds to tens of seconds.
For example, the development of computers meant load flow studies could be run more efficiently allowing for much better planning of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for much better remote control of the power system's switchgear and generators.
The world of electronic design automation (EDA) software for integrated circuit (IC) design is dominated by the three vendors Synopsys, Cadence Design Systems and Siemens EDA (Formerly Mentor Graphics, acquired in 2017 by Siemens) which have a revenue respectively of 4,2 billion US$, 3 billion US$ and 1,3 billion US$.