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Actuators of the active optics of the Gran Telescopio Canarias.. Active optics is a technology used with reflecting telescopes developed in the 1980s, [1] which actively shapes a telescope's mirrors to prevent deformation due to external influences such as wind, temperature, and mechanical stress.
Athena will operate in the energy range of 0.2–12 keV and will offer spectroscopic and imaging capabilities exceeding those of currently operating X-ray astronomy satellites – e.g. the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton – by at least one order of magnitude on several parameter spaces simultaneously.
High-energy astronomy is the study of astronomical objects that release electromagnetic radiation of highly energetic wavelengths. It includes X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, extreme UV astronomy, neutrino astronomy, and studies of cosmic rays. The physical study of these phenomena is referred to as high-energy astrophysics. [1]
In total, the energy output of stars during 10 20 years can sustain a time-integrated biomass of about 10 45 kg-years in the galaxy. This is one billion trillion (10 20) times more life than has existed on the Earth to date. In the universe, stars in 10 11 galaxies could then sustain 10 57 kg-years of life.
The SED of M51 (upper right) obtained by combining data at many different wavelengths, e.g. UV, visible, and infrared (left). A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of energy versus frequency or wavelength of light (not to be confused with a 'spectrum' of flux density vs frequency or wavelength). [1]
Because of the enormous amount of energy needed to launch a relativistic jet, some jets are possibly powered by spinning black holes. However, the frequency of high-energy astrophysical sources with jets suggests combinations of different mechanisms indirectly identified with the energy within the associated accretion disk and X-ray emissions ...
Outside the core of the star, where nuclear reactions occur, no energy is generated, so the luminosity is constant. The energy transport equation takes differing forms depending upon the mode of energy transport. For conductive energy transport (appropriate for a white dwarf), the energy equation is
High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) is a system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) for the investigation of cosmic gamma rays in the photon energy range of 0.03 to 100 TeV. The acronym was chosen in honour of Victor Hess , who was the first to observe cosmic rays .