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Aurangzeb sent diplomatic missions to Mecca in 1659 and 1662, with money and gifts for the Sharif. He also sent alms in 1666 and 1672 to be distributed in Mecca and Medina. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi writes that, "By 1694, Aurangzeb's ardour for the Sharifs of Mecca had begun to wane; their greed and rapacity had thoroughly disillusioned ...
Abdallah asked his mother what he should do, then left to take on Hajjaj. Hajjaj's army was defeated and Abdallah died on the battlefield in 692 CE. The defeat of Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr re-established Umayyad control over the Empire. A few years later in 740 CE the people of Kufa called Zayd ibn Ali, the grandson of Hussein, over to Kufa.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. [c] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor.
A decade after her death, Richard Grafton wrote that the loss of Calais to the French was the source of a depression, "an inward sorrow of mind", which led to her succumbing to a prevalent fever. [10] According to the writer John Foxe, her servants Susan Clarencieux and "Master Ryse" heard Mary regret the loss of Calais.
9 May – Samuel Pepys witnesses a Punch and Judy show in London, the first on record. 14 May – Catherine of Braganza lands at Portsmouth. [1] 19 May – passage of Act of Uniformity 1662, approval of 1662 Book of Common Prayer; 16 May – hearth tax is introduced in England, Wales and Scotland.
Margaret Cavendish was the first person to develop an original theory of atomism in Britain. [53] She was also the first woman to be invited to attend a session of the Royal Society. [54] One member, John Evelyn, saw in Cavendish "a mighty pretender to learning, poetry, and philosophy". [55]
[169] She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholics of England. [170] Protestant writers at the time, and since, have often condemned Mary's reign.
Arms of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland: The royal arms of King Charles II overall a baton sinister ermine Charles Palmer, later Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, 1st Duke of Southampton Chief Butler of England (18 June 1662 – 9 September 1730), styled Baron Limerick before 1670; Earl of Southampton between 1670 and 1675; and known as the Duke of Southampton from 1675 until 1709 ...