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  2. Petlyakov Pe-8 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-8

    1936–1944. Introduction date. 1940. First flight. 27 December 1936. The Petlyakov Pe-8 (Russian: Петляков Пе-8) was a Soviet heavy bomber designed before World War II, and the only four-engine bomber the USSR built during the war. Produced in limited numbers, it was used to bomb Berlin in August 1941. It was also used for so-called ...

  3. Wikipedia : WikiProject Aviation/Assessment/Petlyakov Pe-8

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Assessment/Petlyakov_Pe-8

    Petlyakov Pe-8 [edit] I think that this article meets all the requirements for an A-class article, although the lead may need to be lengthened. Suggestions are welcome.--. Sturmvogel 66 ( talk) 18:44, 4 January 2010 (UTC) Reply[ reply] No problems reported with alt text or dab links. One external link is reported as suspicious, please check and ...

  4. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  5. Multiplicative order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_order

    The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ (n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U (n) or ...

  6. FAB-5000 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAB-5000

    FAB-5000. The FAB 5000NG (Russian: ФАБ-5000НГ, where NG stands for its inventor, Nison Ilicz Gelperin) was a 5,000 kilogram (11,000 lb) large air-dropped, thin cased, high explosive demolition bomb used by the Soviet Air Forces during World War II. The device was the most powerful aerial bomb in the wartime Soviet inventory (until the FAB ...

  7. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

    Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent e by finding the modular multiplicative inverse d of b modulo m using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is: c = be mod m = d−e mod m, where e < 0 and b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m). Modular exponentiation is efficient to compute, even for very large integers.

  8. Péclet number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Péclet_number

    Péclet number. In continuum mechanics, the Péclet number (Pe, after Jean Claude Eugène Péclet) is a class of dimensionless numbers relevant in the study of transport phenomena in a continuum. It is defined to be the ratio of the rate of advection of a physical quantity by the flow to the rate of diffusion of the same quantity driven by an ...

  9. PEG ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEG_ratio

    PEG ratio. The ' PEG ratio' (price/earnings to growth ratio) is a valuation metric for determining the relative trade-off between the price of a stock, the earnings generated per share (EPS), and the company's expected growth. In general, the P/E ratio is higher for a company with a higher growth rate. Thus, using just the P/E ratio would make ...