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Parenteral nutrition (PN), or intravenous feeding, is the feeding of nutritional products to a person intravenously, [1] bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion. The products are made by pharmaceutical compounding entities or standard pharmaceutical companies.
The Holliday-Segar formula is a formula to help approximate water and caloric loss (and therefore the water requirements) using a patient's body weight. [1] Primarily aimed at pediatric patients, the Holliday-Segar formula is the most commonly used estimate of daily caloric requirements. [2]
UUN is determined from 24-hour urine collection. Along with UUN, values for BUN, protein content of diet, enteral or parenteral nutrition, and notable outputs other than urine (gastric residual, fistula output, drainages) are needed to calculate nitrogen balance. Nitrogen Balance = Protein intake/6.25- (UN + 4*) * For average loss via sweat and ...
Intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) is a nutritional support therapy (medical nutrition therapy) for people on hemodialysis who have a difficult time maintaining adequate nutrition. It is administered directly into the bloodstream of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in an effort to decrease the associated morbidity and mortality ...
Hyperalimentation fluids (i.e., total parenteral nutrition) Some cases of ketoacidosis, particularly during rehydration with sodium-containing solutions (IV). Alcohols (such as ethanol) can cause a high anion gap acidosis in some patients, but a mixed picture in others due to concurrent metabolic alkalosis.
Similarly, it is said to be hypoossmolar if the osmolarity, or osmatic concentration, is too low. For example, if the osmolarity of parenteral nutrition is too high, it can cause severe tissue damage. [7] One example of a condition caused by hypoosmolarity is water intoxication. [8]
The emulsion is used as a component of intravenous nutrition for people who are unable to get nutrition via an oral diet. These nutrients are combined with the intention of administering parenteral nutrition, where nutrients are delivered in an alternative pathway other than the gastrointestinal tract.
The parenteral route is any route that is not enteral (par-+ enteral). Parenteral administration can be performed by injection, that is, using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe, [16] or by the insertion of an indwelling catheter. Locations of application of parenteral administration include: Central nervous system: