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Protestant churches are considered by some Catholic critics as a negative force which "protests" and revolts against the Catholic Church. [46] Catholic theologian Karl Adam wrote: "The sixteenth century revolt from the Church led inevitably to the revolt from Christ of the eighteenth century, and thence to the revolt from God of the nineteenth.
Protestant theology refers to the doctrines held by various Protestant traditions, which share some things in common but differ in others. In general, Protestant theology, as a subset of Christian theology , holds to faith in the Christian Bible , the Holy Trinity , salvation , sanctification , charity, evangelism , and the four last things .
Biblical criticism, in particular higher criticism, covers a variety of methods which have been used since the Enlightenment in the early 18th century as scholars began to apply the same methods and perspectives which had already been applied to other literary and philosophical texts to biblical documents. [9]
El Greco's depiction of Pentecost, with tongues of fire and a dove representing the Holy Spirit's descent (c. 1600). Cessationism versus continuationism involves a Christian theological dispute as to whether spiritual gifts remain available to the church, or whether their operation ceased with the apostolic age of the church (or soon thereafter).
A Protestant is an adherent of any of those Christian bodies that separated from the Church of Rome during the Reformation, or of any group descended from them. [19] During the Reformation, the term protestant was hardly used outside of German politics. People who were involved in the religious movement used the word evangelical (German ...
Lutheranism – the Protestant movement which identified itself with the theology of Martin Luther. Calvinism – a Protestant theological system largely based on the teachings of John Calvin, a reformer. Anabaptism – a 16th-century movement which rejected infant baptism; Many consider Anabaptism to be a distinct movement from Protestantism.
The term Protestant ecclesiology refers to the spectrum of teachings held by the Protestant Reformers concerning the nature and mystery of the invisible church that is known in Protestantism as the Christian Church.
The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions consequently called for a meeting of Protestant leaders on the topic and in early 1919 the Interchurch World Movement (IWM) was established with John Mott as its chairman. The Executive Committee of the Presbyterian Church offered millions of dollars worth of support to help the IWM with fundraising.