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  2. Voiceless glottal fricative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative

    The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition or the aspirate, [1] [2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant.

  3. Voiced retroflex approximant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant

    Family Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin: 日光 rìguāng [ɻ̺͢ɻ̺̞̍˥˩ku̯ɑ͢ŋ˥] 'sunlight' Apical. [1] As an initial in free variation between fricative and approximant, but never has friction as strong as a true fricative (Chinese "fully muddy"/全浊-class) to trigger a (free or conditional) devoicing or postvoicing into /ʐ̥ʱ/, nor weak enough to ...

  4. H-dropping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-dropping

    H-dropping or aitch-dropping is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative or "H-sound", [h]. The phenomenon is common in many dialects of English , and is also found in certain other languages, either as a purely historical development or as a contemporary difference between dialects.

  5. IPA consonant chart with audio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio

    [1] The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants. In the IPA, a pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in ...

  6. Voiceless labial–velar fricative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labial–velar...

    The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is xʷ or occasionally ʍ . The letter ʍ was defined as a "voiceless [w] " until 1979, [ 1 ] when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of [k͡p] the same way that [w] is an approximant with the place of articulation of [ɡ͡b] . [ 2 ]

  7. Voiced labiodental nasal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal

    The labiodental pronunciation of [ɱ] is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal [m], but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v] , though air escapes between the lip and the teeth ...

  8. Navajo phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_phonology

    A particular type of morphophonemic alternation (or mutation) in Athabascan languages called d-effect is found in Navajo. In most cases, the alternation is a fortition (or strengthening) process. The initial consonant of a verb stem alternates with a strengthened consonant when it is preceded by a /-t-/ (orthographic -d- ) "classifier" prefix ...

  9. Consonant voicing and devoicing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and...

    Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel. For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme ( cats ), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme ( dogs ). [ 1 ]