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Land navigation is the discipline of following a route through unfamiliar terrain on foot or by vehicle, using maps with reference to terrain, a compass, and other navigational tools. [1] It is distinguished from travel by traditional groups, such as the Tuareg [ 2 ] across the Sahara and the Inuit [ 3 ] across the Arctic , who use subtle cues ...
Position resection and intersection are methods for determining an unknown geographic position (position finding) by measuring angles with respect to known positions.In resection, the one point with unknown coordinates is occupied and sightings are taken to the known points; in intersection, the two points with known coordinates are occupied and sightings are taken to the unknown point.
Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps. In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called or quads or quadrangles. Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines.
In a contemporary land navigation context, true, magnetic, and grid bearings are always measured in this way, with true north, magnetic north, or grid north being 0° in a 360-degree system. [5] In aircraft navigation, an angle is normally measured from the aircraft's track or heading, in a clockwise direction.
A navigation system on an oil tanker. Navigation [1] is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. [2] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, [3] marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. [1]
Topography and symbols for water, trees, private vs. public land etc. are all important semiotic markers for reading maps, orienteering, and finding one's way around the wilderness. Map symbols need to be simple, understandable, and meet professional cartography standards.
A bearing is the angle between the line joining the two points of interest and the line from one of the points to the north, such as a ship's course or a compass reading to a landmark. On nautical charts, the top of the chart is always true north , rather than magnetic north , towards which a compass points.
Charts are maps of the areas to be navigated with details specific to the marine environment. Computing aids: used in the necessary mathematical calculations. Today electronic computers or calculators are used. Other traditional aids used included tables (trigonometric, logarithms, etc.) and slide rules.