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separating the reaction mixture into organic and aqueous layers by liquid-liquid extraction. removal of solvents by evaporation. purification by chromatography, distillation or recrystallization. The work-up steps required for a given chemical reaction may require one or more of these manipulations.
Grignard reagents or Grignard compounds are chemical compounds with the general formula R−Mg−X, where X is a halogen and R is an organic group, normally an alkyl or aryl. Two typical examples are methylmagnesium chloride Cl−Mg−CH 3 and phenylmagnesium bromide (C 6 H 5)−Mg−Br. They are a subclass of the organomagnesium compounds.
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula C 6 Cl 2 (CN) 2 O 2. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, [3] phenols, [4] and steroid ketones. [5] DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid. [6]
Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. [11] Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine. This method produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide (C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 N 2 H 2) along with the primary amine: C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 NR + N 2 H 4 → C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 N 2 ...
The Suzuki reaction or Suzuki coupling is an organic reaction that uses a palladium complex catalyst to cross-couple a boronic acid to an organohalide. [1] [2] [3] It was first published in 1979 by Akira Suzuki, and he shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Richard F. Heck and Ei-ichi Negishi for their contribution to the discovery and development of noble metal catalysis in organic ...
The McMurry reaction of benzophenone. The McMurry reaction is an organic reaction in which two ketone or aldehyde groups are coupled to form an alkene using a titanium chloride compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent.
The final step is a Claisen condensation of 15 with ethyl quininate 16, which after acidic workup yields racemic quinotoxine 17. The desired enantiomer is obtained by chiral resolution with the chiral dibenzoyl ester of Tartaric acid. The conversion of this compound to quinine is based on the Rabe–Kindler chemistry discussed in the timelime.