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Note: The empty set symbol ∅ looks similar, but is unrelated to the Greek letter. or represents: the golden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architecture; Euler's totient function in number theory; the argument of a complex number in mathematics; the value of a plane angle in physics and mathematics
coefficient of friction: unitless (dynamic) viscosity (also ) pascal second (Pa⋅s) permeability (electromagnetism) henry per meter (H/m) reduced mass: kilogram (kg) Standard gravitational parameter: cubic meter per second squared mu nought Vacuum permeability or the magnetic constant
The friction coefficient is an empirical (experimentally measured) structural property that depends only on various aspects of the contacting materials, such as surface roughness. The coefficient of friction is not a function of mass or volume. For instance, a large aluminum block has the same coefficient of friction as a small aluminum block.
μ (some authors use the symbol η) is the dynamic viscosity (Pascal-seconds, kg m −1 s −1); R is the radius of the spherical object (meters); is the flow velocity relative to the object (meters per second). Note the minus sign in the equation, the drag force points in the opposite direction to the relative velocity: drag opposes the motion.
In classical physics and engineering: the coefficient of friction (also used in aviation as braking coefficient (see Braking action)) reduced mass in the two-body problem; Standard gravitational parameter in celestial mechanics; linear density, or mass per unit length, in strings and other one-dimensional objects; permeability in electromagnetism
The internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the angle of repose and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and the coefficient of friction of the material. Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than material with a high angle of repose.
In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
In mathematics and physics, the Christoffel symbols are an array of numbers describing a metric connection. [1] The metric connection is a specialization of the affine connection to surfaces or other manifolds endowed with a metric , allowing distances to be measured on that surface.