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In White's opinion, autocracy is the defining factor in the history of Russian politics. [21] He wrote that Russian political culture is "rooted in the historical experience of centuries of absolutism". [22] Those views had been challenged by other historians, for example, Nicolai N. Petro and Martin Malia (as cited by Hoffmann). [19]
As a result, False Dmitriy I entered Moscow and was crowned tsar that year, following the murder of Tsar Feodor II, Godunov's son. Subsequently, Russia entered a period of continuous chaos, known as The Time of Troubles (Смутное Время). Despite the Tsar's persecution of the boyars, the townspeople's dissatisfaction, and the gradual ...
The Time of Troubles came to a close with the election of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. [95] Michael officially reigned as tsar, though his father, the patriarch Philaret (died 1633) initially held de facto power. However, Michael's descendants would rule Russia, first as tsars and later as emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
In 1718 Tsar Peter the Great investigated why the ex-Swedish province of Livonia was so orderly. [3] He discovered that the Swedes had spent as much on administering Livonia (300 times smaller than his own realm) as he spent on the entire Russian bureaucracy. He was forced to dismantle the province's government.
Tsar Nicholas I (reigned 1825–1855) lavished attention on his army. [128] In a nation of 60–70 million people, it included a million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar took pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle.
The Tsar of all Russia, [1] officially the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, [a] [b] [2] [3] [4] was the title of the Russian monarch from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a tsardom. [5] [6] The first Russian monarch to be crowned tsar was Ivan IV, who had held the title of sovereign and grand prince.
The Penguin historical atlas of Russia (Viking, 1995), new topical maps. Chew, Allen F. An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders (Yale UP, 1970), new topical maps. Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of Russian history (Oxford UP, 1993), new topical maps. Parker, William Henry. An historical geography of Russia (Aldine, 1968).
The Imperial Standard of the Tsar between from 1858 to 1917. Previous variations of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time. The eleven-month siege of a Russian naval base at Sevastopol during the Crimean War Russian troops taking Samarkand (8 June 1868) Russian troops entering Khiva in 1873 Capturing ...