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The Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of "inner" and "outer" tribes, [112] governed by the ruling clan. [113] They had many titles, and according to Steven Runciman the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague. [ 114 ]
The early Bulgars were a warlike people and war was part of their everyday life, with every adult Bulgar obliged to fight. The early Bulgars were exclusively horsemen: in their culture, the horse was considered a sacred animal and received special care. The supreme commander was the khan, who mustered the army with the help of the aristocracy.
According to an anonymous Roman author of the 4th century CE, the producer of the Chronography of 354, Ziezi was a son of Japheth and a grandson of Noah.His name is mentioned in the excerpt Ziezi ex quo vulgares meaning "Ziezi, of whom the Bulgars" but being regarded as the first reference to the Bulgars as a people.
The Sermesianoi or, alternatively, Keramisians were a group of 70,000 Bulgars, Pannonian Avars and Byzantine Christians from Syrmia. They fled in Byzantine region of Macedonia , following a successful revolt against the Avar Khaganate led by the Bulgar noble Kuber , around the year 680.
Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Bulgars, Finno-Ugrians, Varangians, and East Slavs. [6] Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse, Cumans, and Pannonian Avars. [7]
[1] [2] Theophanes and Nicephorus record his rule after the Khazars defeated the Bulgars and Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated in 668 CE. [ 3 ] There is a scholarly theory that he may have been the same person as Bezmer [ 4 ] of the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans who may have been also the first son of Kubrat . [ 5 ]
The Bulgars retaliated, and under the leadership of Isbul, the minister of Malamir, they reached Adrianople. At this time, if not earlier, the Bulgars captured Philippopolis and its environs. Several surviving monumental inscriptions from this reign make reference to the Bulgar victories and others to the continuation of construction activities ...
The western Bulgar tribes joined the Avar Khaganate, while the eastern Bulgars came under the Western Turkic Khaganate by the end of the 6th century. [4] Theophanes the Confessor called him "king of the Onogundur Huns". [5] Patriarch Nikephoros I (758–828) called Kubrat "lord of the Onuğundur" [6] and "ruler of the Onuğundur–Bulğars". [7]