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Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C 6 H 5 Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Due to the substituent effects on 4-chlorophenyl azide, acylation and alkylation would yield a major product that is newly substituted in the 3- and 5-positions on the aromatic ring. An example of this reaction is given below: Amine formation. Another application of 4-chlorophenyl azide is through the use of fungicides on plant pathogens. [4]
With sodium nitrite it forms a water-soluble blue dye, which is turned red by acids, and is used as a pH indicator under the name of lacmoid. [14] It condenses readily with aldehydes , yielding with formaldehyde , on the addition of catalytic hydrochloric acid , methylene diresorcin [(HO)C 6 H 3 (O)] 2 CH 2 .
A drug is considered highly soluble when the highest dose strength is soluble in 250 ml or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1 to 6.8. The volume estimate of 250 ml is derived from typical bioequivalence study protocols that prescribe administration of a drug product to fasting human volunteers with a glass of water.
In petrochemistry, superacidic media are used as catalysts, especially for alkylations. Typical catalysts are sulfated oxides of titanium and zirconium or specially treated alumina or zeolites . The solid acids are used for alkylating benzene with ethene and propene as well as difficult acylations , e.g. of chlorobenzene . [ 9 ]
Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is an aryl chloride and a six-substituted chlorobenzene with the molecular formula C 6 Cl 6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt. Its use has been banned globally under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. [6]
1,2-Dichlorobenzene is obtained as a side-product of the production of chlorobenzene: C 6 H 5 Cl + Cl 2 → C 6 H 4 Cl 2 + HCl. The reaction also affords the 1,4- and small amounts of the 1,3-isomer. The 1,4- isomer is preferred over the 1,2- isomer due to steric hindrance.
Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solvent divided by the density of water at the same temperature. As such, specific gravity is a unitless value. It readily communicates whether a water-insoluble solvent will float (SG < 1.0) or sink (SG > 1.0) when mixed with water.