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Pressure ulcers can trigger other ailments, cause considerable suffering, and can be expensive to treat. Some complications include autonomic dysreflexia, bladder distension, bone infection, pyarthrosis, sepsis, amyloidosis, anemia, urethral fistula, gangrene and very rarely malignant transformation (Marjolin's ulcer – secondary carcinomas in chronic wounds).
Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the gastrointestinal wall, resulting in a hole in the hollow GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or large intestine). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or progressive damage to the bowel wall due to various disease states.
Ulcers that affect the tract include peptic ulcers and perforated ulcer is one that has eroded completely through the layers. The gastrointestinal wall is inflamed in a number of conditions. This is called esophagitis , gastritis , duodenitis , ileitis , and colitis depending on the parts affected.
Causes of gastric outlet obstruction include both benign causes, such as peptic ulcer disease affecting the area around the pylorus, and malignant causes, such as gastric cancer. Causation related to ulcers may involve severe pain which the patient may interpret as a heart condition or attack. [1]
Ian Hendry (1931—1984, aged 53) died of a stomach haemorrhage in London. Gene Clark (1944–1991, aged 46) had perforated ulcer and died on May 24, 1991. Doug Hepburn (1926–2000, aged 74) had a perforated ulcer and died on November 22, 2000. Philip Agee (1935–2008, aged 72) had a perforated ulcer and died on January 7, 2008.
Aphthous ulcer, a specific type of oral ulcer also known as a canker sore; Peptic ulcer, a discontinuity of the gastrointestinal mucosa (stomach ulcer) [1] Venous ulcer, a wound thought to occur due to improper functioning of valves in the veins; Stress ulcer, an ulcer located within the stomach and proximal duodenum
Gastric erosion occurs when the mucous membrane lining the stomach becomes inflamed. Specifically, the term "erosion" in this context means damage that is limited to the mucosa, which consists of three distinct layers: the epithelium (in the case of a healthy stomach, this is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium), the basement membrane, and the lamina propria.
In the United States, pressure ulcers are graded using the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) system. In this system, ulcers are graded on wound depth with stage 1 being the least severe (erythema, intact skin) and stage 4 being full thickness damage through subcutaneous tissue down to muscle, tendon, or bone.