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In Conway's Game of Life, oscillators had been identified and named as early as 1971. [1] Since then it has been shown that finite oscillators exist for all periods. [2] [3] [4] Additionally, until July 2022, the only known examples for period 34 were considered trivial because they consisted of essentially separate components that oscillate at smaller periods.
Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current. Oscillations can be used in physics to approximate complex interactions, such ...
Oscillations are an important type of cell signaling characterized by the periodic change of the system in time. [1] Oscillations can take place in a biological system in a multitude of ways. Positive feedback loops , on their own or in combination with negative feedback are a common feature of oscillating biological systems.
Examples include circannual or annual cycles that govern migration or reproduction cycles in many plants and animals, or the human menstrual cycle. Ultradian rhythms , which are cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute REM cycle , the 4-hour nasal cycle , or the 3-hour cycle of growth hormone production.
Examples include circannual or annual cycles that govern migration or reproduction cycles in many plants and animals, or the human menstrual cycle. Ultradian rhythms , which are cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute REM cycle , the 4-hour nasal cycle , or the 3-hour cycle of growth hormone production.
In vertebrates, the master circadian clock is contained within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a bilateral nerve cluster of about 20,000 neurons. [10] [11] The SCN itself is located in the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain situated directly above the optic chiasm, where it receives input from specialized photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract.
A simple example of a parametric oscillator is a child pumping a playground swing by periodically standing and squatting to increase the size of the swing's oscillations. [1] [2] [3] The child's motions vary the moment of inertia of the swing as a pendulum. The "pump" motions of the child must be at twice the frequency of the swing's oscillations.
Climate oscillations that appear to follow a regular pattern but which do not have a fixed period are called quasiperiodic. [3] [4]Within a dynamical system such as the ocean-atmosphere system, oscillations may occur regularly when they are forced by a regular external forcing: for example, the familiar winter-summer cycle is forced by variations in sunlight from the (very close to perfectly ...
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