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Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper, "above" or "too much" and kapnos, "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO 2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.
Many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.Treatment with supplemental oxygen may improve their well-being; alternatively, in some this can lead to the adverse effect of elevating the carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia) to levels that may become toxic.
The CO 2 combines with H 2 O to form carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3). The lungs normally excrete the volatile fraction through ventilation, and acid accumulation does not occur. A significant alteration in ventilation that affects elimination of CO 2 can cause a respiratory acid-base disorder. The PaCO 2 is maintained within a range of 35–45 mm Hg ...
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including: dyspnea, acidosis and altered consciousness. [8] Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension. P a CO 2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in arterial blood is between 35 and 45 mmHg (4.7 and 6.0 kPa). [9] Venous blood carbon dioxide tension
Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate , abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing.
About a third of all people with morbid obesity (a body mass index exceeding 40 kg/m 2) have elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood. [5] When examining groups of people with obstructive sleep apnea, researchers have found that 10–20% of them meet the criteria for OHS as well.
The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) rises in the blood when the metabolic use of oxygen (O 2), and the production of CO 2 is increased during, for example, exercise. The CO 2 in the blood is transported largely as bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) ions, by conversion first to carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase , and then ...
The partial pressures of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide; ... Arterial blood: 95-100 (P a O 2) Venous blood: ... dry air at sea level: 0.3 Alveolar air: 35