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Chlorhexidine [1] is a disinfectant and antiseptic with the molecular formula C 22 H 30 Cl 2 N 10, which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to disinfect surgical instruments. [2] It is also used for cleaning wounds , preventing dental plaque , treating yeast infections of the mouth , and to keep urinary catheters from blocking. [ 3 ]
It is also used to clear the bowels before a colonoscopy, [3] when the onset of the laxative effect is more rapid, typically within an hour. [7] Side effects may include increased bowel gas, abdominal pain, and nausea. [3] Rare but serious side effects may include an abnormal heartbeat, seizures, and kidney problems. [8]
Routine use of colonoscopy screening varies globally. In the US, colonoscopy is a commonly recommended and widely utilized screening method for colorectal cancer, often beginning at age 45 or 50, depending on risk factors and guidelines from organizations like the American Cancer Society. [9] However, screening practices differ worldwide.
The drug is available over-the-counter (OTC), including in the United States, and is typically taken by mouth three times per day. [1] [2] [3] [4]Methenamine/sodium salicylate is marketed under several brand names, including Cystex Urinary Pain Relief, AZO Urinary Tract Defense, Uro-Pain Dual Action, and CVS Antibacterial Plus Urinary Pain Relief.
However, unlike EGD or colonoscopy, it cannot be used to treat pathology that may be discovered. Common reasons for using capsule endoscopy include diagnosis of unexplained bleeding, iron deficiency, or abdominal pain, searching for polyps, ulcers, and tumors of the small intestine, and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease . [ 10 ]
Signs and symptoms of CDI range from mild diarrhea to severe life-threatening inflammation of the colon. [16]In adults, a clinical prediction rule found the best signs to be significant diarrhea ("new onset of more than three partially formed or watery stools per 24-hour period"), recent antibiotic exposure, abdominal pain, fever (up to 40.5 °C or 105 °F), and a distinctive foul odor to the ...
Octenidine dihydrochloride is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [5]In vitro suspension tests with 5 minute exposure time have shown that octenidine requires lower effective concentrations than chlorhexidine to kill common bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and the yeast Candida albicans.
Other side effects of gold-containing drugs include kidney damage, itching rash, and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx. Approximately 35% of patients discontinue the use of gold salts because of these side effects. Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds. [5]