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Good sought to identify buffering compounds which met several criteria likely to be of value in biological research. p K a : Because most biological reactions take place near-neutral pH between 6 and 8, ideal buffers would have p K a values in this region to provide maximum buffering capacity there.
Buffer capacity falls to 33% of the maximum value at pH = pK a ± 1, to 10% at pH = pK a ± 1.5 and to 1% at pH = pK a ± 2. For this reason the most useful range is approximately p K a ± 1. When choosing a buffer for use at a specific pH, it should have a p K a value as close as possible to that pH.
Bis-Tris propane wide buffering range is also useful for calibration of genetically encoded pH indicators expressed in the cytosol or mitochondria. [6] Bis-Tris propane has been used as the buffering agent in separation of full and empty capsids of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors with anion-exchange chromatography .
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH.
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Almost every system has a bottleneck, even if it is a minor one. If every system was running at full capacity, at least one machine would be accumulating processes. [3] Identifying bottlenecks is critical for improving efficiency in the production line because it allows you to determine the area where accumulation occurs.
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range. Boric acid has a pK a of 9.14 at 25 °C.
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer. It was introduced in 1921 by the United States agronomist Theodore Clinton McIlvaine (1875–1959) from West Virginia University , and it can be prepared in pH 2.2 to 8 by mixing two stock solutions.