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The side effects are predominantly collected from studies of Parkinson's disease, where dopamine agonists are commonly used as a first-line treatment with levodopa. [ 16 ] Dopamine agonists are divided into two subgroups or drug classes, first-generation and newer agents.
Side effects of levodopa include nausea, the wearing-off phenomenon, dopamine dysregulation syndrome, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia, among others. [3] The drug is a centrally permeable monoamine precursor and prodrug of dopamine and hence acts as a dopamine receptor agonist. [3] Chemically, levodopa is an amino acid, a phenethylamine, and a ...
More serious side effects include depression, low blood pressure with standing, sudden onset of sleepiness, psychosis, and increased risk-taking behavior. [6] [10] Carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa outside the brain. [10] In the brain, levodopa is broken down into dopamine, its active form. [10]
A pharmacological approach to separate dopaminergic from non-dopaminergic (e.g. mitochondrial) effects of pramipexole has been to study the effects of the R-stereoisomer of pramipexole (which has much lower affinity to the dopamine receptors when compared to the S-isomer) side by side with the effects of the S-isomer. [36]
Nausea and vomiting are common side effects when first beginning therapy with apomorphine; [18] antiemetics such as trimethobenzamide or domperidone, dopamine antagonists, [19] are often used while first starting apomorphine. Around 50% of people grow tolerant enough to apomorphine's emetic effects that they can discontinue the antiemetic.
The available research seems to suggest that the concurrent prophylactic use of a neuroleptic and an antiparkinsonian drug is useless to avoid early extrapyramidal side-effects and may render the person more sensitive to tardive dyskinesia. Since 1973 the use of these drugs has been found to be associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia.
Serious side effects may include pathological gambling, low blood pressure with standing and hallucinations. [3] [4] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. [5] It is a dopamine agonist and works by triggering dopamine D 2 receptors. [4] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. [4] It is available as a ...
Most of the side effects are due to a high dopamine levels, and can be alleviated by reducing the dose of levodopa. [3] Selegiline can also cause cardiovascular side effects such as orthostatic hypotension, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and other types of cardiac arrhythmias. [69]