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The historical antecedents of law and economics can be traced back to the classical economists, who are credited with the foundations of modern economic thought.As early as the 18th century, Adam Smith discussed the economic effects of mercantilist legislation; later, David Ricardo opposed the British Corn Laws on the grounds that they hindered agricultural productivity; and Frédéric Bastiat ...
In economics, the freshwater school (or sometimes sweetwater school) comprises US-based macroeconomists who, in the early 1970s, challenged the prevailing consensus in macroeconomics research. A key element of their approach was the argument that macroeconomics had to be dynamic and based on how individuals and institutions interact in markets ...
Environmental economics is viewed as more idealistic in a price system; ecological economics as more realistic in its attempts to integrate elements outside of the price system as primary arbiters of decisions. These two groups of specialisms sometimes have conflicting views which may be traced to the different philosophical underpinnings.
Law and economics is a school of legal thought that focuses on ensuring that legal processes produce the most efficient allocation of resources, rather than giving the enforcement of rights the highest priority. Individuals included under this category are noted for their theories or application of a law and economics perspective.
Economic dynamics is an empirical science that studies emergences, motion and disappearance of value—a specific concept that is used for description of the processes of creation and distribution of wealth. Any economic theory deals with the interpretation of economic processes based on the law of production of value, and various scientific ...
A primary objective of ecological economics (EE) is to ground economic thinking and practice in physical reality, especially in the laws of physics (particularly the laws of thermodynamics) and in knowledge of biological systems. It accepts as a goal the improvement of human well-being through development, and seeks to ensure achievement of ...
International economic law is an aspect of international law that concerns the economic relations between states and how transactions that occur cross-border are governed. [27] The primary actors in the regulation of International economic laws are “States, international organisations, and private actors”. [28]
Walras's law is a principle in general equilibrium theory asserting that budget constraints imply that the values of excess demand (or, conversely, excess market supplies) must sum to zero regardless of whether the prices are general equilibrium prices. That is: