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A linear encoder is a sensor, transducer or readhead paired with a scale that encodes position. The sensor reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal , which can then be decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller.
MPEG-4 Part 3 (CELP as an MPEG-4 Audio Object Type) G.728 – Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction; G.718 – uses CELP for the lower two layers for the band (50–6400 Hz) in a two-stage coding structure; G.729.1 – uses CELP coding for the lower band (50–4000 Hz) in a three-stage coding structure
A linear code of length n transmits blocks containing n symbols. For example, the [7,4,3] Hamming code is a linear binary code which represents 4-bit messages using 7-bit codewords. Two distinct codewords differ in at least three bits.
To convolutionally encode data, start with k memory registers, each holding one input bit.Unless otherwise specified, all memory registers start with a value of 0. The encoder has n modulo-2 adders (a modulo 2 adder can be implemented with a single Boolean XOR gate, where the logic is: 0+0 = 0, 0+1 = 1, 1+0 = 1, 1+1 = 0), and n generator polynomials — one for each adder (see figure below).
The message to be systematically encoded is {1,6,3}. Using Lagrange interpolation, F(a i) = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1, and applying F(a i) for a 4 = 3 to a 7 = 6, results in the code word {1,6,3,6,1,2,2}. Assume errors occur at c 2 and c 5 resulting in the received code word {1,5,3,6,3,2,2}. Start off with e = 2 and solve the linear equations:
In particular, the most common speech coding scheme is the LPC-based code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding, which is used for example in the GSM standard. In CELP, the modeling is divided in two stages, a linear predictive stage that models the spectral envelope and a code-book-based model of the residual of the linear predictive model.
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model.
The code construction is based on a multiple recursive concatenation of a short kernel code which transforms the physical channel into virtual outer channels. When the number of recursions becomes large, the virtual channels tend to either have high reliability or low reliability (in other words, they polarize or become sparse), and the data ...