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The first case of HE was described by Brain et al. in 1966. [10] The patient was a 48-year-old man with hypothyroidism, multiple episodes of encephalopathy, stroke-like symptoms, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis confirmed by elevated antithyroid antibodies.
Anti-TPO antibodies are the most common anti-thyroid autoantibody, present in approximately 90% of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 75% of Graves' disease and 10–20% of nodular goiter or thyroid carcinoma. Also, 10–15% of normal individuals can have high level anti-TPO antibody titres.
In up to 50% of females with thyroid peroxidase antibodies in the early pregnancy, thyroid autoimmunity in the postpartum period exacerbates in the form of postpartum thyroiditis. [137] Higher secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4 , and lower plasma cortisol concentration during pregnancy has been reported in females with postpartum thyroiditis than in ...
Likewise, 20% of autoimmune thyroid patients also have pituitary antibodies. [7] It follows that a subset of thyroid patients may have a disease related to autoimmune hypophysitis. Recent research has focused on a defect at the CTLA-4 gene which, coupled with other factors, may result in autoimmunity primarily focusing on certain endocrine ...
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder, in which the body produces antibodies that are specific to a self-protein - the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone. (Antibodies to thyroglobulin and to the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 may also be produced.) These antibodies cause hyperthyroidism because they bind to the TSHr and chronically ...
Thyroid peroxidase is a frequent epitope of autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease, with such antibodies being called anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibodies). This is most commonly associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thus, an antibody titer can be used to assess disease activity in patients that have developed such ...
When subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis occurs up to 12 months postpartum, it is called postpartum thyroiditis. It has an increased incidence in women with presence of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies prior to pregnancy and in women with preexisting Type 1 diabetes. Postpartum thyroiditis can recur in subsequent pregnancies. [2] [4] [5]
Ord's thyroiditis is an atrophic form of chronic thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease where the body's own antibodies fight the cells of the thyroid. It is named after the physician, William Miller Ord, who first described it in 1877 and again in 1888. It is more common among women than men.