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The differing forms of nitrogen are relatively stable in most river systems with nitrite slowly transforming into nitrate in well oxygenated rivers and ammonia transforming into nitrite/ nitrate. However, the process are slow in cool rivers and reduction in concentration may more often be attributed to simple dilution.
In particular, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, salinity, alkalinity, calcium and phosphate levels should be monitored closely. When it comes to nano reefs, even minute changes in water conditions such as mild temperature fluctuations can be problematic, whereas the greater water volume of larger aquariums provides a more stable and flexible ...
The pit is typically at least three meters (10 ft) deep and one meter (3 ft) across. [7] The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 cm (10 in) to prevent children falling in. [4] Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. [4] This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use. [4]
The first step of nitrification in the biofilter consumes alkalinity and lowers the pH of the system. [11] Keeping the pH in a suitable range (5.0-9.0 for freshwater systems) is crucial to maintain the health of both the fish and biofilter. pH is typically controlled by the addition of alkalinity in the form of lime (CaCO 3) or sodium hydroxide ...
[4] The overall reaction is the reduction of the nitrate ion to nitric oxide by iron(II), which is oxidised to iron(III), followed by the formation of nitrosyl ferrous sulfate between the nitric oxide and the remaining iron(II), where nitric oxide is reduced to NO −. [5] 2HNO 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 + 6FeSO 4 → 3Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + 2NO + 4H 2 O
Ultrapure water (UPW), high-purity water or highly purified water (HPW) is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Ultrapure water is a term commonly used in manufacturing to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including organic and inorganic compounds, dissolved and particulate matter, and ...
When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca 2+ ⇌ 2 Na +, leaving overall TDS unchanged [9] or even ...
Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause "blue baby syndrome" (acquired methemoglobinemia). [18] Drinking water quality standards in the European Union stipulate less than 50 mg/L for nitrate in drinking water. [19] The linkages between nitrates in drinking water and blue baby syndrome have been disputed in other studies.