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Hegel explicitly presents his lectures on the philosophy of history as a theodicy, or a reconciliation of divine providence with the evils of history. [5] This leads Hegel to consider the events of history in terms of universal reason: "That world history is governed by an ultimate design, that it is a rational process... this is a proposition ...
Hegel's detailed and systematic treatment of the various arts over such a great span has even led art historian Ernst Gombrich to present Hegel as "the father of art history." For most of their history, Hegel's Lectures were largely ignored by philosophers and received most of their attention from literary critics and art historians. [215]
It was the outcry caused by David Strauss' The Life of Jesus in 1835 which first made the 'Young Hegelians' aware of their existence as a distinct group, and it was their attitude to religion that distinguished the left and right from then onwards (August Cieszkowski is a possible exception to this rule).
Thus, Hegel's determining forces of history may not have a metaphysical nature, though many of his opponents and interpreters have understood him as holding metaphysical and determinist views. [5] Hegel's historicism also suggests that any human society and all human activities such as science, art, or philosophy, are defined by their history ...
The Hegelian concept is in contrast to the Great Man theory propounded by Thomas Carlyle, which sees history as the result of the actions of heroes and geniuses. In contrast, Hegel perceived such "great men", specifically Napoleon , as the "embodiment of the world-spirit" ( Die Weltseele zu Pferde "the world-soul on horseback" [ 6 ] ). [ 7 ]
There Marx says he intends to use Hegelian dialectics but in revised form. He defends Hegel against those who view him as a "dead dog" and then says, "I openly avowed myself as the pupil of that mighty thinker Hegel". [20] Marx credits Hegel with "being the first to present [dialectic's] form of working in a comprehensive and conscious manner".
In Hegel's view, Socrates broke down social harmony by questioning the meaning of concepts like "justice" and "virtue". Eventually, the Athenians condemned Socrates to death. But they could not stop the evolution of thought that Socrates had begun, which would lead to the concept of individual conscience. [5] Hegel said of world-historical figures,
Hegel's philosophy of history aimed for a philosophical reflection on world history, thinking about the history of humanity in all its spatial and temporal breadth. This Hegelian particularity, versus the works of historians, rests on the fact that the German philosopher sought to determine what the teleology of history was, particularly what ...