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[1] [12] The equine estrogens differ from human estrogens in that they have additional double bonds in the B ring of the steroid nucleus. [1] [12] CEEs contain both 17β-estrogens like estradiol and 17β-dihydroequilin and the C17α epimers like 17α-estradiol and 17α-dihydroequilin. [1] [12
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Estradiol 17β-chloral hemiacetal ether O,O-diacetate Estradiol sulfate: Estradiol 3-sulfate – Estrapronicate: Estradiol 3-propionate 17β-nicotinate Orestrate: Estradiol 3-propionate 17β-(1-cyclohexenyl) ether – Polyestradiol phosphate: Estradiol 17β-phosphate polymer Promestriene: Estradiol 3-propyl 17β-methyl diether
4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4,17β-triol, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estradiol. [1] It is estrogenic , similarly to many other hydroxylated estrogen metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestradiol , 16α-hydroxyestrone , estriol (16α-hydroxyestradiol), and 4 ...
Average number of moderate-to-severe hot flashes per week with placebo and different doses of oral estradiol in menopausal women [40] [41]. Estradiol is used in menopausal hormone therapy to prevent and treat moderate to severe menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and atrophy, and osteoporosis (bone loss). [11]
There is no single definition for the term bioidentical hormone replacement therapy; it is generally used to refer to 17β-estradiol, but other uses include plant-based or compounded estrogen products that blend estradiol with estriol and sometimes with estrone. [9]
Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEs/MPA), sold under the brand names Prempro and Premphase, is a combination product of conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), an estrogen collected from horse urine, and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera), a progestogen, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
List of side effects of estradiol which may occur as a result of its use or have been associated with estrogen and/or progestogen therapy includes: [1] [2]. Gynecological: changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia ...