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Peru, [e] officially the Republic of Peru, [f] is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peru has a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1,285,216 km 2 (496,225 sq mi), Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
The Peruvian State, which is conceptually the Peruvian nation legally organized, is the entity that holds the government in the Republic of Peru.The state's structure is defined in the Constitution of Peru approved by referendum and promulgated in late 1993 and in force since January 1, 1994.
The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood, which was codified by the Montevideo Convention of 1933. The Convention defines the state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) a capacity to enter into relations with the ...
An enlargeable topographic map of Peru. Geography of Peru. Peru is: a megadiverse country; Location: Southern Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere. Americas. Latin America. South America
The Republic of Peru is a unitary state with a multi-party semi-presidential system. The current government was established by the 1993 Constitution of Peru . The government is composed of three branches, being executive, judicial, and legislative branches.
Lima is the country's industrial and financial center and one of Latin America's most important financial centers, [80] home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production [81] and most of its tertiary sector.
The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, [1] extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world.