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mTOR signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle. Therefore, it is directly related to cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer, and longevity. PI3K activation phosphorylates and activates AKT, localizing it in the plasma membrane. [1]
Overexpression of Shh ligand has been reported in multiple cancer types including pancreatic, colorectal, [26] prostate, [27] and gliomas. [28] This can lead to the activation of GLI transcriptional activity in the cell over-secreting Shh (autocrine signaling) or in neighboring cells (paracrine signaling). Further, Shh ligands can stimulate the ...
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), [5] also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene. [6] [7] [8] mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein ...
The AR is an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Thus many different antiandrogens have been developed, primarily targeting the ligand-binding domain of the protein. [ 71 ] AR ligands can either be classified based on their structure ( steroidal or nonsteroidal ) or based on their ability to activate or inhibit transcription ...
In some cases, tumor cells have been found to possess higher levels of enzymes involved in this pathway, resulting in increased production of DHT. [ 81 ] [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment for prostate cancer, which involves reducing the levels of androgens, specifically T and DHT, in the body. [ 82 ]
NKX3-1 is an androgen-regulated, prostate-specific homeobox gene whose expression is predominantly localized to prostate epithelium. It acts as a transcription factor that has critical function in prostate development and tumor suppression. It is a negative regulator of epithelial cell growth in prostate tissue.
Members of the Src family kinases Src, Lyn and Fgr are highly expressed in malignant prostate cells compared to normal prostate cells. [34] When the primary prostate cells are treated with KRX-123, which is an inhibitor of Lyn, the cells in vitro were reduced in proliferation, migration and invasive potential. [35] So the use of a tyrosine ...
Hence targeting IL-30 signaling may be a potential therapeutic strategy against prostate cancer progression and recurrence. [13] Targeting IL-30 in both cancer and host environment consistently inhibits tumor growth, ameliorates immune reactivity and reduces the risks of disease recurrence. [19]