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A black smoker or deep-sea vent is a type of hydrothermal vent found on the seabed, typically in the bathyal zone (with largest frequency in depths from 2,500 to 3,000 m (8,200 to 9,800 ft)), but also in lesser depths as well as deeper in the abyssal zone. [1]
The hydrothermal plume nicknamed "Piccard" was detected in 2010, [3] and the Beebe site was confirmed later that year. [1] The combined depth and vent fluid temperature make it a popular site for studying aqueous thermodynamics, high-pressure biology, and geochemistry.
Under these regulations, activities that pose any harm to vent systems is prohibited. The hydrothermal vent fields—Salty Dawg, High Rise, Main Endeavour, and Mothra—were divided up into four different subfields after being mapped in 1991. A fifth vent field, Sasquatch, was later discovered in 2000 and is situated just north of Salty Dawg. [29]
Temperatures at these depths are close to 280 °C (536 °F), from various active vents a far as depths of 850 metres (2,790 ft); Rainbow Hydrothermal Field (discovered in 1994), it is characterized by 10 vents of high temperature (365 °C (689 °F)) at a depth of around 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) with very high trace metals and very low vent fluid ...
Loki's Castle is a field of five active hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, located at 73 degrees north on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Iceland and Svalbard at a depth of 2,352 metres (7,717 ft). [1] [2] [3] When they were discovered in mid-July 2008, they were the most northerly black smoker vents known to science. [4]
Active hydrothermal vents were first discovered at Kamaʻehuakanaloa in the late 1980s. These vents are remarkably similar to those found at the mid-ocean ridges, with similar composition and thermal differences. The two most prominent vent fields are at the summit: Pele's Pit (formally Pele's Vents) and Kapo's Vents.
Von Damm is situated a depth of approximately 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) below sea level, situating it within the Bathyal zone with the majority of other hydrothermal vent fields. [2] The hydrothermal plume "Von Damm" was detected in 2010, with the site being visually confirmed later that year.
Lost City and other hydrothermal vent systems support vastly different lifeforms due to Lost City's unique chemistry. A variety of microorganisms live in, on, and around the vents. Methanosarcinales-like archaea form thick biofilms inside the vents where they subsist on hydrogen and methane; bacteria related to the Bacillota also live inside ...