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This plot was created using the simple sunrise equation, approximating the sun as a single point and does not take into account effects caused by the atmosphere or the diameter of the Sun. The sunrise equation or sunset equation can be used to derive the time of sunrise or sunset for any solar declination and latitude in terms of local solar ...
Light cone coordinates can also be generalized to curved spacetime in general relativity. Sometimes calculations simplify using light cone coordinates. See Newman–Penrose formalism. Light cone coordinates are sometimes used to describe relativistic collisions, especially if the relative velocity is very close to the speed of light.
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate; mathematically, the bottom line should be the same as the top line, in 'fp-math' the step '1 + 1/9000' leads to a rounding up as the first bit of the 14 bit tail '10111000110010' of the mantissa falling off the table when adding 1 is a '1', this up-rounding is not undone when subtracting the 1 again, since there is no ...
Visulization of flux through differential area and solid angle. As always ^ is the unit normal to the incident surface A, = ^, and ^ is a unit vector in the direction of incident flux on the area element, θ is the angle between them.
Online calculators from Geoscience Australia: Vincenty Direct (destination point) Vincenty Inverse (distance between points) Calculators from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey: Online and downloadable PC-executable calculation utilities, including forward (direct) and inverse problems, in both two and three dimensions (accessed 2011-08-01).
The primary difference between a computer algebra system and a traditional calculator is the ability to deal with equations symbolically rather than numerically. The precise uses and capabilities of these systems differ greatly from one system to another, yet their purpose remains the same: manipulation of symbolic equations.
The source free equations can be written by the action of the exterior derivative on this 2-form. But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions.
The speed of light in IAU is the defined value c 0 = 299 792 458 m/s of the SI units. In terms of this speed, the old definition of the astronomical unit of length had the accepted value: [ 3 ] 1 au = c 0 τ A = ( 149 597 870 700 ± 3 ) m, where τ A is the transit time of light across the astronomical unit.