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An ecosystem, originally defined by Tansley (1935), is a biotic community (or biocenosis) along with its physical environment (or biotope).In ecological studies, biocenosis is the emphasis on relationships between species in an area.
A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.
"Auto-" meaning self or same, and "-genic" meaning producing or causing. Autogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by biotic factors within an ecosystem and although the mechanisms of autogenic succession have long been debated, the role of living things in shaping the progression of succession was realized early on.
During this period, the soil-salinity will also change by starting low and eventually rising to higher levels from continued seawater exposure. Glacier forelands are another example of ecosystems that form from autogenic but also partly allogenic succession. [5] The importance of this is estimated to be higher in earlier successional stages ...
The climax community represents a pattern of populations that corresponds to and changes with the pattern of environment. The central and most widespread community is the climatic climax. The theory of alternative stable states suggests there is not one end point but many which transition between each other over ecological time.
Direct biological effects—Changes in species abundance and distribution caused directly by physical conditions near the edge; Indirect biological effects which involve changes in species interactions such as predation, [8] brood parasitism, competition, herbivory, and biotic pollination and seed dispersal [9]
Biotic homogenization is the process by which two or more spatially distributed ecological communities become increasingly similar over time. This process may be genetic , taxonomic , or functional, and it leads to a loss of beta (β) diversity . [ 1 ]
Population, community, and physiological ecology provide many of the underlying biological mechanisms influencing ecosystems and the processes they maintain. Flowing of energy and cycling of matter at the ecosystem level are often examined in ecosystem ecology, but, as a whole, this science is defined more by subject matter than by scale.