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Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula C 6 H 8 O 6, ... The ascorbate ion is the predominant species at typical biological pH values.
Ascorbic acid is a weak sugar acid structurally related to glucose. In biological systems, ascorbic acid can be found only at low pH, but in solutions above pH 5 is predominantly found in the ionized form, ascorbate. [8] Many analytical methods have been developed for ascorbic acid detection.
As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more bioavailable than any other form of vitamin C supplement. [2] Sodium ascorbate normally provides 131 mg of sodium per 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid (1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate contains 889 mg of ascorbic acid and 111 mg of sodium).
Though acidulants can lower pH they differ from acidity regulators, which are food additives specifically intended to modify the stability of food or enzymes within it. Typical acidulants are acetic acid (e.g. in pickles) and citric acid. Many beverages, such as colas, contain phosphoric acid. Sour candies often are formulated with malic acid. [2]
The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose that takes place in several steps. [1] This process was devised by Nobel Prize winner Tadeusz Reichstein and his colleagues in 1933 while working in the laboratory of the ETH in Zürich.
An example of a mineral ascorbate drug is sodium ascorbate injections (the acid form, ascorbic acid, of vitamin c is too acidic for injections). Ascorbate salts may be better tolerated by the human body than the corresponding weakly acidic ascorbic acid. Ascorbates are highly reactive antioxidants used as food preservatives. [2]
Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is actively imported into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells via glucose transporters. [ 1 ] It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbic acid by glutathione and other thiols . [ 2 ]
It is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid and a mineral ascorbate. As a food additive, it has E number E303, INS number 303. Although it is not a permitted food additive in the UK, USA and the EU, [2] [3] it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. [4]