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In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
Calcium (ion) batteries are energy storage and delivery technologies (i.e., electro–chemical energy storage) that employ calcium ions (cations), Ca 2+, as the active charge carrier. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Calcium (ion) batteries remain an active area of research, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] with studies and work persisting in the discovery and development of ...
The non-random two-liquid model [1] (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned. It is frequently applied in the field of chemical engineering to calculate phase equilibria.
Like strontium and barium, as well as the alkali metals and the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium, calcium metal dissolves directly in liquid ammonia to give a dark blue solution. [20] Due to the large size of the calcium ion (Ca 2+), high coordination numbers are common, up to 24 in some intermetallic compounds such as CaZn 13. [21]
where the initial state is the acid solution with no Ca 2+ (not taking into account possible CO 2 dissolution) and the final state is the solution with saturated Ca 2+. For strong acid concentrations, all species have a negligible concentration in the final state with respect to Ca 2+ and A − so that the neutrality equation reduces ...
The Margules activity model is a simple thermodynamic model for the excess Gibbs free energy of a liquid mixture introduced in 1895 by Max Margules. [1] [2] After Lewis had introduced the concept of the activity coefficient, the model could be used to derive an expression for the activity coefficients of a compound i in a liquid, a measure for the deviation from ideal solubility, also known as ...
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.