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Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
The study of the absorption or release of heat during a chemical reaction. thermodynamic stability. The condition of a system being in its lowest energy state with its environment (equilibrium). thermodynamics. The study of the effects of changing temperature, volume or pressure (or work, heat, and energy) on a macroscopic scale.
Chemical modification is the change of biomolecular structure and function due to the addition or removal of modifying elements. [ 1] This is usually accomplished via chemical reactions or a series of chemical reactions that may or may not be reversible. Chemical modifications can be done to any of the four major macromolecules (proteins ...
Mode of action. In pharmacology and biochemistry, mode of action (MoA) describes a functional or anatomical change, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance. [1] In comparison, a mechanism of action (MOA) describes such changes at the molecular level. [2][1]
Molecular model. A molecular model is a physical model of an atomistic system that represents molecules and their processes. They play an important role in understanding chemistry and generating and testing hypotheses. The creation of mathematical models of molecular properties and behavior is referred to as molecular modeling, and their ...
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), also known as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, is an organic compound formed by the dehydration of reducing sugars. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is a white low-melting solid (although commercial samples are often yellow) which is highly soluble in both water and organic solvents.
Molecular vibration. A molecular vibration is a periodic motion of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other, such that the center of mass of the molecule remains unchanged. The typical vibrational frequencies range from less than 10 13 Hz to approximately 10 14 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm −1 and ...
A cyclic group is a group which is equal to one of its cyclic subgroups: G = g for some element g, called a generator of G. For a finite cyclic group G of order n we have G = {e, g, g2, ... , gn−1}, where e is the identity element and gi = gj whenever i ≡ j (mod n); in particular gn = g0 = e, and g−1 = gn−1.