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Map of major river basins. These are the major U.S. river basins in the U.S., as designated by the U.S. Water Resources Council. [1]
Combined sewer outflow into the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. Ratcliff Beach CSO discharges into the River Thames in London [7]. These relief structures, called "storm-water regulators" (in American English - or "combined sewer overflows" in British English) are constructed in combined sewer systems to divert flows in excess of the peak design flow of the sewage treatment plant. [6]
An infiltration basin (or recharge basin) is a form of engineered sump [1] or percolation pond [2] that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay.
Storm water is typically channeled to a retention basin through a system of street and/or parking lot storm drains, and a network of drain channels or underground pipes.. The basins are designed to allow relatively large flows of water to enter, but discharges to receiving waters are limited by outlet structures that function only during very large storm eve
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that at least 23,000 to 75,000 SSO events occur in the United States each year. [1] EPA estimated that upgrading every municipal treatment and collection system to reduce the frequency of overflow events to no more than once every five years would cost about $88 billion as of 2004. [2]
A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide, [1] made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills.
The second type of pond, facultative stabilization ponds, sustain an aerobic surface habitat above an anaerobic benthic habitat. [12] Maturation ponds offer aerobic conditions throughout, from the surface to the bottom. The main configurations of pond systems are: [4] [13] Facultative pond only; Anaerobic pond followed by a facultative pond;
Cavitation of surfaces above into the tunnels, results in potholes or caves. Deeper ponding exerts pressure that forces water into the ground faster. Faster flow dislodges contaminants otherwise adsorbed on soil and carries them along. This can carry pollution directly to the raised water table below and into the groundwater supply.