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Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons.A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being emitted from the hot object.
Downside risk (DR) is measured by target semi-deviation (the square root of target semivariance) and is termed downside deviation. It is expressed in percentages and therefore allows for rankings in the same way as standard deviation. An intuitive way to view downside risk is the annualized standard deviation of returns below the target.
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Grids with high penetration of renewable energy sources generally need dispatchable generation rather than baseload generation. Dispatchable generation refers to sources of electricity that can be programmed on demand at the request of power grid operators, according to market needs.
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A solar power tower, also known as 'central tower' power plant or 'heliostat' power plant, is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive focused sunlight. It uses an array of flat, movable mirrors (called heliostats) to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower (the target).
English: An energy band diagram showing energy levels of layers in a typical SHJ (silicon heterojunction) solar cell. The diagram illustrates the contact selectivity of the doped amorphous layers, the difference in band gaps between layers (ie. the heterojunction), quantum tunneling (double arrows) and the degenerate semiconducting ITO.
An electrical grid may have many types of generators and loads; generators must be controlled to maintain stable operation of the system. In an electric power system, automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load.