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Downside risk was first modeled by Roy (1952), who assumed that an investor's goal was to minimize his/her risk. This mean-semivariance, or downside risk, model is also known as “safety-first” technique, and only looks at the lower standard deviations of expected returns which are the potential losses.
Downside risk (DR) is measured by target semi-deviation (the square root of target semivariance) and is termed downside deviation. It is expressed in percentages and therefore allows for rankings in the same way as standard deviation. An intuitive way to view downside risk is the annualized standard deviation of returns below the target.
The effective collection area of a flat-panel solar collector varies with the cosine of the misalignment of the panel with the Sun.. Sunlight has two components: the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy [6] [7] and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder – the diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day, and is a larger proportion of the total on cloudy days.
A solar power tower, also known as 'central tower' power plant or 'heliostat' power plant, is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive focused sunlight. It uses an array of flat, movable mirrors (called heliostats) to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower (the target).
The Beacon Solar Project is a photovoltaic power station in the northwestern Mojave Desert, near California City in eastern Kern County, California. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Split into five phases, the combined Beacon solar facilities generate 250 MW of renewable energy for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). [ 3 ]
Project Sunroof was created by Google engineer Carl Elkin as a 20% time project. While initially launching only in the cities of Boston, San Francisco, and Fresno, [3] the project now displays solar potential for 43 million homes in the US. [4] Google has previously invested in projects with solar energy provider, SolarCity. [5]
Dholera Solar Park is a planned, large scale solar project in Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR), Gujarat. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is categorised as an Ultra Mega Solar Power Project , by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of the Central Government of India ; the capacity will be 5 GW by 2030.
2009 Energy Project Award Winning 525 kilowatt BIPV CoolPly system manufactured by SolarFrameWorks, Co. on the Patriot Place Complex Adjacent to the Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, MA. System is installed on single-ply roofing membrane on a flat roof using no roof penetrations. BAPV solar façade on a municipal building located in Madrid .