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This is a specific-source template for the calculus textbooks of James Stewart (mathematician).Transcluding specific-source templates rather than writing out citations reduces code duplication across articles and allows improvements — such as adding a zbMATH number or wikilinking the name of an author or editor — to apply to all uses of the source at once.
Calculus Made Easy ignores the use of limits with its epsilon-delta definition, replacing it with a method of approximating (to arbitrary precision) directly to the correct answer in the infinitesimal spirit of Leibniz, now formally justified in modern nonstandard analysis and smooth infinitesimal analysis.
Original file (814 × 1,154 pixels, file size: 48.82 MB, MIME type: application/pdf, 296 pages) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below.
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In mathematics, the direct method in the calculus of variations is a general method for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional, [1] introduced by Stanisław Zaremba and David Hilbert around 1900. The method relies on methods of functional analysis and topology. As well as being used to prove the existence of ...
Calculus is also used to find approximate solutions to equations; in practice, it is the standard way to solve differential equations and do root finding in most applications. Examples are methods such as Newton's method , fixed point iteration , and linear approximation .
Just as the definite integral of a positive function of one variable represents the area of the region between the graph of the function and the x-axis, the double integral of a positive function of two variables represents the volume of the region between the surface defined by the function (on the three-dimensional Cartesian plane where z = f(x, y)) and the plane which contains its domain. [1]
Secondary calculus acts on the space of solutions of a system of partial differential equations (usually nonlinear equations). When the number of independent variables is zero (i.e. the equations are all algebraic ) secondary calculus reduces to classical differential calculus .
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