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Open Library is an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz, [3] [4] Brewster Kahle, [5] Alexis Rossi, [6] Anand Chitipothu, [6] and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud, [6] Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization.
God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History is a 2005 anthology, edited by Stephen Hawking, of "excerpts from thirty-one of the most important works in the history of mathematics." [1] Each chapter of the work focuses on a different mathematician and begins with a biographical overview. Within each chapter ...
Therefore, the ideal class group makes two fractional ideals equivalent if one is as close to being principal as the other is. The ideal class group is generally denoted Cl K, Cl O, or Pic O (with the last notation identifying it with the Picard group in algebraic geometry). The number of elements in the class group is called the class number of K.
Multiple choice questions lend themselves to the development of objective assessment items, but without author training, questions can be subjective in nature. Because this style of test does not require a teacher to interpret answers, test-takers are graded purely on their selections, creating a lower likelihood of teacher bias in the results ...
Ramanujan's constant is the transcendental number [5], which is an almost integer: [6] = … +. This number was discovered in 1859 by the mathematician Charles Hermite. [7] In a 1975 April Fool article in Scientific American magazine, [8] "Mathematical Games" columnist Martin Gardner made the hoax claim that the number was in fact an integer, and that the Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa ...
Any two consecutive integers have opposite parity. A number (i.e., integer) expressed in the decimal numeral system is even or odd according to whether its last digit is even or odd. That is, if the last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, then it is odd; otherwise it is even—as the last digit of any even number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
Fibonacci, in his 1202 book Liber Abaci [2] lists several methods for finding Egyptian fraction representations of a rational number. Of these, the first is to test whether the number is itself already a unit fraction, but the second is to search for a representation of the numerator as a sum of divisors of the denominator, as described above.
The Gaussian integers are the set [1] [] = {+,}, =In other words, a Gaussian integer is a complex number such that its real and imaginary parts are both integers.Since the Gaussian integers are closed under addition and multiplication, they form a commutative ring, which is a subring of the field of complex numbers.