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Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc.
Speakers vary their speed of speaking according to contextual and physical factors. A typical speaking rate for English is 4 syllables per second, [5] but in different emotional or social contexts the rate may vary, one study reporting a range between 3.3 and 5.9 syl/sec, [6] Another study found significant differences in speaking rate between story-telling and taking part in an interview.
Speech is the subject of study for linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, psychology, computer science, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and acoustics. Speech compares with written language, [1] which may differ in its vocabulary, syntax, and phonetics from the spoken language, a situation called diglossia.
Prosody is also important in signalling emotions and attitudes. When this is involuntary (as when the voice is affected by anxiety or fear), the prosodic information is not linguistically significant. However, when the speaker varies their speech intentionally, for example to indicate sarcasm, this usually involves the use of prosodic features.
Ataxic dysarthria is characterized by harsh voice quality, reduced speech rate, and poor volume and pitch control; Developmental verbal dyspraxia is characterized by monotone and poor volume control [11] There can also be some emotional and mental side effects to dysprosody. Each individual has a distinct voice characterized by all the prosodic ...
Inflections in speech is the variation of rise and fall of the volume of tone. Inflection in speech is vital for intonation for intelligible speaking. [10] Intonation of the voice engages the attention and concentration of the listener. Inflections in speech can impact the relative importance of information.
The first systems used automatic speech recognition to compute objective measures such as speech or articulation rate, that were strongly associated with subjective ratings of speech fluency. [21] More recent studies showed that automatic acoustic measures (i.e., without using any automatic speech recognition system) can also be used to measure ...
What the above equations express is that given an initial pressure P 1 and volume V 1 at time 1 the product of these two values will be equal to the product of the pressure P 2 and volume V 2 at a later time 2. This means that if there is an increase in the volume of cavity, there will be a corresponding decrease in pressure of that same cavity ...